30-Second Overview: In Taiwan, people label themselves by "grade level," using the first two digits of their ROC birth year: 5th graders were born between ROC years 50 and 59 (1961–1970), extending through to 9th graders (2001–2010). The term "Strawberry Generation" (caomei zu), a slur used for thirty years, was first printed in 1993 to criticize those who were then in their twenties and are now in their fifties1; since then, the target has shifted down to 7th, 8th, and 9th graders. While the people being criticized have changed several times, the label hasn't changed a single word. What has truly moved across these five generations is the "effort equals reward" escalator beneath their feet: it slowed down around 2002 as real wages decoupled from productivity2; simultaneously, the entrance was raised by housing prices, with Taipei's house-price-to-income ratio rising from 6.4x in 2004 to 15.41x in 20253. The escalator has since split into two tracks: the one relying solely on salary has nearly stopped, while the one fueled by parental capital is still moving. This article seeks to deconstruct this label.
In March 2025, an account appeared on Threads with a single sentence: "It feels like... it's about to shut down again, and no one has noticed." That was Wretch (無名小站), the youth server for 7th graders, which had already closed at the end of 20134. Beneath ten thousand likes were comments like "Give me my account back" and "But we've all forgotten our passwords."
It was an entire generation liking a piece of youth that only they could enter, but others could not. Every generation has such a place: the gan-zai-dian (traditional sundry shop) for 5th graders, Wretch for 7th graders, and TikTok for 9th graders. The true generational boundary is drawn there: it is not about values, but about not having a shared login screen.
Paradoxically, the term that causes the fiercest arguments between these five generations has changed its target several times over thirty years, yet the word itself remains unchanged.
One Term, Thirty Years of Slurs, Three Different Targets
In the early 1990s, career consultant Weng Ching-yu wrote Office Stories, and the three characters for "Strawberry Generation" were printed for the first time. She wasn't criticizing today's youth, but rather those who had just entered the office in their twenties—the 5th graders born in the 1960s, who are now in their fifties and love reminiscing about Tatung Baby and Yakult in Facebook groups1.
Wikipedia entries record this migration clearly: "Strawberry Generation" originally referred to Taiwanese people born in the 1960s, commonly known as 5th graders. Since then, mainstream perception has shifted downward, generally referring to young people from the 7th grade onwards1. A term originally used to insult a specific group of twenty-somethings became, thirty years later, a catch-all for "anyone younger than me whom I find disagreeable." The label does not describe a generation; it describes the concept of "youth" itself, and youth is a moving target.
The trajectory of this target can almost be read as a condensed history of Taiwan's generations. In 1993, they insulted 5th graders. In the 2000s, the label was mostly pinned on 7th graders. During the "Wild Strawberry Movement" in 2008, the criticized 7th-grade students simply reclaimed the term as their movement's name5. In 2012, CommonWealth Magazine co-hosted a survey with Yahoo and Wretch titled "Youth's New Nine Tribes"; among 1,129 respondents aged 20 to 35, "Strawberry Generation" ranked first for the label people most wanted to overturn (16.5%), followed by "parasites" (kěnlǎo zú) and "phubbers" (dītóu zú)6. By the 2020s, this hat was placed on Gen Z and the early 9th graders.
Source: Wikipedia "Strawberry Generation" entry + Wild Strawberry Movement records + *CommonWealth*/Yahoo/Wretch "Youth's New Nine Tribes" survey (reported by ETtoday) 156
Furthermore, this term holds legal weight. In one lawsuit, the Taiwan High Court ruled that "Strawberry Generation" refers to "young people who lack experience and cannot withstand setbacks," making it a derogatory term1. In other words, it is a term recognized by the courts as demeaning, yet for thirty years, it has been used by older generations as their most convenient tool for criticizing the next, passed down from one to another.
To throw the ball back: anyone today who wants to say "young people these days are just strawberries" should remember that the person this term originally insulted was likely themselves.
No Shared Childhood: From Sundry Shops to TikTok
If there is a wall between generations, it is built of childhoods. If you lay out the childhoods of these five generations, you will notice something quiet: they almost have nothing in common.
The childhood of 5th and 6th graders was in the gan-zai-dian (traditional sundry shop). The Tatung Baby released in 1969 was given as a gift only after purchasing NT$10,000 worth of appliances; that little red-clad doll sitting in the living room was a status symbol of a family climbing from the working class to the middle class7. Yakult set up its factory in Taiwan in 1964; at NT$2 per bottle, it was delivered house-to-house by "Yakult Mothers" carrying insulated boxes8. On the way home from school, there were Wangzi Noodles, Kexue Noodles, Wāng-zǎi Biāo (brand snacks), and marbles. When the TV turned on, Huang Chun-hsiung's glove puppetry (bùdài xì) show Yunzhou Dàrúxiá aired on TTV in 1970; Shi Yan-wen performed 583 episodes, hitting a 97% viewership rate, and remained so popular that it was banned in 1974 on the grounds of "interfering with agricultural rest"9.
Five bottles of Yakult, an iconic drink for 5th and 6th graders in sundry shops and grocery stores. Photo: kxz Chen, CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
Source: Historical records and reports regarding Tatung Baby, Yakult, and *Yunzhou Dàrúxiá* (including 1970 TTV broadcast, 97% viewership, and ban) 789
The youth of 7th graders had a different interface. Pagers (BB Call) peaked in usage in 1999 with over four million users across Taiwan10; couples used numbers to express affection, with "520" and "1314" flashing on tiny screens. After the advent of the internet, the "ding-dong" of Kimo Instant Messenger, the "de-de-de" of MSN logging in, and the blogs and albums of Wretch formed a set of codes only they understood4. In 1997, electronic pets (diànzǐ jī) arrived; in Kaohsiung department stores, they were scalped for NT$1,500; students spent class time feeding their digital pets, leading the then-Minister of Education to jokingly suggest setting up "chicken coops" in schools to raise them together11.
A 1990s numeric pager (BB Call), a communication tool used by 7th graders to send "520" and "1314". Photo: Solomon203, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
By the 8th grade, the stage was PTT and Facebook. In 2009, it was FarmVille, with all of Taiwan asking, "Did you steal vegetables today?" The 9th grade is immersed entirely in algorithms: IG, TikTok, Xiaohongshu, Dcard. It isn't just the platforms that have changed; the very way we consume has changed: for the 5th-grade generation, an entire street watched the same episode of Yunzhou Dàrúxiá at night. For the 9th-grade generation, one person scrolls through short videos fed to them by an algorithm alone.
📝 Curator's Note
We are used to explaining generational gaps through "differences in values": the older generation loves to struggle, while the younger generation loves to lie flat. But the truth might be more physical: they have never watched the same screen together. Collective memory requires a "collective" premise, and over these forty years—from sundry shops to fragmented algorithms—Taiwan's media has shattered from "the whole village gathered around one TV" into "one phone per person, showing only what they want to see." Ultimately, they didn't grow up in the same room. Nostalgia is therefore also highly fragmented: the server you are liking is one others cannot access.
This is also why nostalgia has such a market in Taiwan, yet remains so segmented. A 2018 survey on nostalgic snacks collected 1,523 responses; the largest contributors were 7th graders at 38.2%. The top-voted items—tin-can fruit candies, Morinaga milk candies, Wangzi Noodles, Kexue Noodles, and Qiqī Rǔjiā (milk candy)—each precisely correspond to a specific generation's path home from school12.
Every Generation is Someone Else's Guinea Pig
If childhoods are lived separately, there is one thing all five generations cannot escape: every generation has been treated as the first batch of guinea pigs for some institutional reform.
The education system changes almost every decade. 5th and 6th graders went through the Joint Entrance Examination; high school entrance exams ran from 1958 to 2000, and university entrance exams until 2001—a single test determined your fate. 7th graders inherited a triple blow of educational reforms: starting in 1996, "constructivist mathematics" was pushed in elementary schools, requiring children to relearn arithmetic through understanding; scholars later estimated this experiment turned nearly 1.8 million elementary students into guinea pigs13. In 2001, the nine-year compulsory education curriculum was implemented, junior high entrance exams replaced the joint exams, and textbooks shifted from a single unified curriculum to multiple versions. 8th graders encountered the 2014 Twelve-Year National Education and the Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students; 9th graders are under the 108 Curriculum implemented in 2019. No generation uses the same rules as the one before it.
Military service is also a moving line, and its direction has been unusual. Early conscripts served two or three years, then the term steadily shortened until the end of 2013, when those born after ROC year 83 (1994) only needed to complete 4 months of military training14. This seemed like a downward slope toward shorter service, but it unexpectedly reversed. The Ministry of the Interior stipulated that conscripts born after January 1, ROC year 94 (2005), must serve one year of regular military service14. In other words, for those in the 9th grade born after 2005, their service is eight months longer than their 8th-grade seniors who only serve four months of training. This is the first "extension" of compulsory service in seventy years.
Source: Ministry of the Interior Household Registration Administration historical birth statistics (1963: 427,212; 2010: 166,886) + Ministry of the Interior service term explanation1415
When you overlay these institutional lines, a sharper question emerges: every reform is theoretically intended to teach the next generation better and secure national defense more firmly. But from the perspective of those being reformed, it feels more like: the experiments designed by the previous generation are endured by the next. And most people who design the experiments never have to be the guinea pigs themselves.
That Slowing Escalator
At this point, the "Strawberry Generation" accusation hides an unstated premise: young people cannot climb up because they aren't working hard enough. But if we shift the lens from "people" to "the escalator beneath their feet," we see something entirely different.
First, look at wages. Research from Academia Sinica indicates that before 2002, Taiwan's real output per hour (productivity) and real wages climbed in tandem; after 2002, these two lines diverged—productivity continued to rise, but wages froze. Economist Yang Tzu-ting explains: "The main reason real wage growth lags behind real GDP growth is that the price of manufactured goods is decreasing while the price of consumer goods is increasing"2. During this same period, labor's share of GDP slid from approximately 51% in 1990 to around 43% in 20242. The cake grew larger, but the slice given to workers became thinner.
Next, look at housing. This is where the escalator truly steepens. The national mortgage burden ratio rose from 21.7% in 2005 to 46.62% in 2024, meaning a family must dedicate nearly half of its income to mortgage payments3. The house-price-to-income ratio is even more direct: the national ratio rose from 8.2x in 2014 to 9.89x in the first quarter of 2025; in Taipei, it surged from 6.4x in 2004 to 15.41x in the first quarter of 2025, higher than London or New York3. In plain terms: in Taipei, a family must go without food and water for fifteen years to afford one home.
Dense apartment clusters in Tamsui, New Taipei City, a typical view of urbanized residential areas in Taiwan. Photo: HC Lin, CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
| Year | Mortgage Burden Ratio % |
|---|---|
| 2005 | 21.7 |
| 2015 | 35.81 |
| 2024 | 46.62 |
Source: NCCU Real Estate Research Center (compiled from Ministry of the Interior Real Estate Information Platform)
Consequently, the same effort does not lead to the same position. The numbers from Academia Sinica's Survey of Taiwan Social Change illustrate this best: the homeownership rate for the 31–40 age group was over 60% in 1996, but fell to only about 25% by 20213. The age of first-time homebuyers has also been pushed back by five years, from the early thirties to the early forties. A 5th grader at age thirty might already have their own home; an 8th grader at age thirty is likely still calculating their down payment.
This is also a scholarly consensus. In a 2020 study published in the Taiwan Journal of Sociology, sociologists Chang Yi-chun and Lin Tsung-hung directly stated: "The Baby Boomer generation, born from the post-war period until before 1972, enjoyed income advantages brought by economic growth, whereas the younger generations born after 1978 generally have lower incomes"16. In another interview, Lin Tsung-hung put it more bluntly: "Every economic depression in human history creates a wounded generation... the generation most impacted is those born after 1975 and who came of age around 2000"17, which happens to be the 7th grade.
💡 Did You Know?
The claim that "they can't climb up because they aren't working hard enough" was actually debunked as far back as 2005. A report in the Taipei Times cited experts calling the "Strawberry Generation a myth," noting that Taiwan's labor working hours are among the longest in the world, yet wages have not been adjusted for years18. In other words, the accusation that "young people lack grit" does not align with the fact that "Taiwanese working hours are extremely long."
The Escalator Hasn't Stopped; It Has Split into Two
However, saying "the escalator stopped, so young people can't afford houses" is also incorrect—it is a lazy simplification. The truth is more nuanced and more cruel: the escalator hasn't stopped; it has split into two tracks.
Some 8th graders have bought homes. But looking closely, most of those who could afford them relied on parental down payments: millions in equity provided by elders bridged the gap that salaries could not reach through inheritance or gifts. In contrast, only 0.89% of young people aged 20 to 30 in Taiwan can afford a home through their own means3. In other words, those riding the moving escalator are swiping their parents' cards.
This is why "generation" is a useful entry point but cannot be the destination. Lin Tsung-hung himself connects generational issues back to class distribution: within the same generation, those who inherit capital and those who only have a salary are standing on two different escalators. This intra-generational gap may be larger than the gap between generations. How deeply does family background affect the wealth of the next generation? A 2024 study published in Labour Economics estimated that the correlation coefficient for parental-child wealth in Taiwan is approximately 0.40 for sons and 0.30 for daughters, and this transmission becomes stronger at the top of the wealth spectrum19.
The salary line isn't entirely dark. Nominal wages have risen slowly since 2017; in 2024, real total wages even saw a year-on-year increase of 2.16%, a rare positive growth after years of stagnation2. But this is merely a halt to the fall; it does not make up for the fifteen-year loss between 2002 and 2017. It is as if the escalator has started moving again, but the floor is already much higher than it used to be.
⚠️ Controversial Viewpoint
The "generational war" framework itself is widely questioned. US inequality researcher Chuck Collins once said quite directly: "We're not suffering through a generational war. We're continuing to live through a clash of economic classes."20 His point is that pitting young people against old people obscures the true fault line: the line is drawn between those with capital and those without, regardless of whether one was born in 1970 or 1990. This applies equally to Taiwan: within the same grade level, the gap may be larger than between different grades.
From Martial Law Children to Scrolling TikTok Saying "I Don't Want Unification"
Another real fault line between generations is the answer to the question "Who am I?" Scholars generally believe this fault line was carved out by shared "events," rather than being an inherent trait of any specific generation.
The Center for Election Studies at National Chengchi University has long tracked Taiwanese identity: the proportion of people identifying as Taiwanese rose from 17.6% in 1992 to a peak of 67% in 2020, and stood at 61.7% in 2023; during the same period, the proportion identifying as Chinese fell to just 2.4% in 202321. A 2024 Pew Research Center survey echoed this trend, specifically noting the younger end: "Adults in Taiwan under the age of 35 are especially likely to identify as solely Taiwanese (83%)"22.
This identity curve is often simplified into "the Natural Independence generation is born independent." However, scholars take a more cautious view. Many researchers point out that what plays a dominant role here is what academia calls the "period effect"—that shared experiences like democratization and the 2014 Sunflower Movement reshaped the identities of various generations. The answer was carved out by the era; it was never in anyone's genes. In her master's thesis, scholar Shen Wei-chieh, who studies Natural Independence, stated clearly: "Natural Independence is not natural, but formed post-hoc; it is also not traditional nationalist Taiwan independence, but is more anti-China in nature"23.
March 30, 2014: The massive anti-trade pact protest fills Ketagalan Boulevard, Taipei. The Sunflower Movement is considered the peak of the "Natural Independence generation" taking to the streets. Photo: tenz1225, CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
By the 9th grade, an interesting tension has emerged. This generation grew up scrolling through TikTok and Xiaohongshu, using simplified Chinese characters, following mainland variety shows and internet slang; culturally, their distance from the mainland is closer than ever before. Yet, in terms of political identity, they are a generation born under a democratic system that feels an instinctive aversion to "unification." An observation by Taiwan Democracy Lab in 2025 noted that TikTok usage among junior high students reached 57.87% and high school students 50.73%24; however, cultural proximity has not automatically translated into a political shift.
📝 Curator's Note
The seemingly contradictory combination of "culturally pro-China, politically anti-China" is exactly where Taiwan.md should not draw conclusions for the reader. A 9th grader liking mainland short videos while supporting the maintenance of Taiwan's status quo might not seem contradictory to them at all, because cultural consumption and national identity are two different things. What we can do here is honestly lay out the tensions observed by NCCU Election Studies, Pew, Shen Wei-chieh, and Taiwan Democracy Lab, allowing readers to see how complex this generation is, while setting aside labels like "pro-China" or "anti-China." Labeling the next generation is exactly what this article seeks to dismantle.
The Strawberries Didn't Get Softer; The Ground Got Steeper
When you stack five birth certificates together, you see something very quiet. In 1963, there were 427,212 5th graders entering the world together; in 2010, there were only 166,886 9th graders—less than 40% of the 5th-grade peak, a decrease of over 200,000 people15.
There are fewer people, the cake hasn't grown larger, but the buildings are getting taller. On this terrain, subsequent generations cannot reach the same positions as previous generations using the same amount of effort. This isn't because the strawberries became softer; it's because the ground beneath them has become steeper, and that steepness is uneven: some have a gentle slope paved by their parents, while others face a nearly vertical wall.
"Grade level" is ultimately just an entry point. It is useful because it helps us see how much steeper the escalator becomes every year; but it should not be the destination, because what truly determines whether a person can climb up is often whether their escalator connects to a salary or an inheritance—and this crack is drawn within every single grade level. In 2023, the Pew Research Center even announced it would use generational labels less frequently in reporting, because many differences attributed to "generations" actually stem from demographic characteristics themselves25. Even the institutions that first popularized generational classification are starting to call a halt to this tool.
✦ So, before you say "young people these days are just strawberries," think of one thing: the person this term originally insulted was likely you when you were in your twenties. And what has truly changed over these thirty years is that escalator you stepped on—it was moving then, but it has since slowed down, steepened, and finally split into two tracks. The reason a whole generation liked that Wretch post saying "no one has noticed me" is precisely because every generation has a piece of youth that belongs only to them and cannot be accessed by others—and the rent for that youth gets more expensive with every generation.
Further Reading:
- Taiwan's Slash Generation — The survival math of 7th and 8th graders splitting one salary into three jobs under a low-wage structure
- The Career Disorientation of Taiwanese Youth — Spending sixteen years in school, only to most frequently ask "I don't know what I want to do" on graduation day
- Taiwan's Declining Birthrate Crisis — From 420,000 to 160,000 births: how the cake gets smaller every year
- The Taiwan Unification-Independence Spectrum — The full picture of identity fault lines, from "Who am I" to "Where are we going"
- Wretch (無名小站) — The digital server of 7th-grade youth; closed in 2013, resurfaced on Threads in 2025
Image Sources
This article uses 5 Creative Commons licensed images, all cached at public/article-images/society/ to avoid hotlinking the source servers:
- Taiwanese glove puppet (hero) — Photo: Wang Yu Ching / Office of the President, 2023, CC BY 2.0
- Yakult — Photo: kxz Chen, 2012, CC BY-SA 2.0
- 1990s numeric pager — Photo: Solomon203, CC BY-SA 3.0
- 2014 Sunflower anti-trade protest — Photo: tenz1225, 2014, CC BY-SA 2.0
- New Taipei Tamsui residential buildings — Photo: HC Lin, 2023, CC BY 2.0
References
- Wikipedia: Strawberry Generation — Covers the origin, semantic shift, and controversy of the term "Strawberry Generation," noting it originally referred to Taiwanese people born in the 1960s (5th graders), later shifting to 7th graders onwards, and citing the High Court's view of it as a derogatory term.↩2345
- Research Matters: Why don't wages grow with Taiwan's economic growth? Interview with Yang Tzu-ting — An interview on Academia Sinica's science platform with economist Yang Tzu-ting, analyzing the decoupling of real wages and productivity after 2002 (the price gap between manufactured and consumer goods) and providing data on the declining share of labor income in GDP.↩234
- NCCU Taiwan Real Estate Research Center: Housing Affordability Indicators — Historical data on house-price-to-income ratios and mortgage burden ratios compiled from the Ministry of the Interior's real estate information platform; notes Taipei's ratio reached 15.41x in Q1 2025 and cites Academia Sinica's survey on homeownership changes.↩2345
- Bao Shiguang: The youth of Wretch, our blogs, albums, and message boards — A United Daily News digital archive column reviewing the functions and generational memories of Wretch (1999–2013), describing the usage patterns of writing blogs and checking albums.↩2
- Wikipedia: Wild Strawberries Movement — Records the 2008 "Wild Strawberry Movement" initiated by Taiwanese students, explaining how 7th graders reclaimed the derogatory term to name their protest movement.↩2
- ETtoday: Taiwan's "New Nine Tribes": Youth most hate being called Strawberries — Reports on the "Youth's New Nine Tribes" survey co-hosted by CommonWealth Magazine, Yahoo Kimo, and Wretch; among 1,129 respondents aged 20–35, "Strawberry Generation" ranked first for labels they most wanted to overturn.↩2
- StoryStudio: Tatung Baby, the middle-class dream on the TV screen — Reviews the history of the Tatung Baby released in 1969, noting its significance as a gift for purchasing NT$10,000 worth of appliances and its role as a symbol of upward mobility.↩2
- Bao Shiguang: Yakult glass bottles and Yakult Mothers — Records the history of Yakult's factory establishment in Taiwan in 1964 and the door-to-door sales model by "Yakult Mothers" as a shared childhood memory.↩2
- Wikipedia: Yunzhou Dàrúxiá — Covers the history of Huang Chun-hsiung's glove puppetry Yunzhou Dàrúxiá, its 1970 TTV premiere, its 583 episodes, 97% viewership, and its 1974 ban.↩2
- Roomie: The years we used numeric codes to fall in love — Reviews the rise and fall of Taiwan's BB Call (pager) service, peaking at four million users in 1999 before ending in 2011, and the culture of using numbers like 520 and 1314.↩
- Bao Shiguang: The Electronic Pet craze, the beeping sounds on campus — A United Daily News digital archive review of the 1997 electronic pet craze, noting students feeding them in class and the scalping of prices.↩
- foodNEXT: Nostalgic Snack Survey — A 2018 survey by foodNEXT on nostalgic snacks in Taiwan; 1,523 responses, with 7th graders making up 38.2%, ranking items like tin-can fruit candies and Wangzi Noodles.↩
- NCCU: The Great Experiment of Taiwanese Education — National Chengchi University research analyzing Taiwan's constructivist mathematics reform, noting the policy's impact on nearly 1.8 million elementary students.↩
- Ministry of the Interior: Military Service Terms by Birth Year — Official Ministry of the Interior explanation regarding the extension of service for those born after ROC year 94 (2005).↩23
- Ministry of the Interior Household Registration Administration: Historical Birth Statistics — Official population statistics used to compare birth peaks in 1963 and troughs in 2010.↩2
- Taiwan Journal of Sociology: Chang Yi-chun & Lin Tsung-hung, "Generational Differences and Income Distribution in Taiwan" (2020) — Academic paper arguing that Baby Boomers enjoyed income advantages while post-1978 generations face lower incomes due to higher education expansion and low-wage service sectors.↩
- StoryStudio: Interview with Lin Tsung-hung on the formation of a wounded generation — An interview with sociologist Lin Tsung-hung discussing how economic depressions create "wounded generations," specifically those born after 1975.↩
- Taipei Times: Experts: Strawberry Generation is just a myth — A 2005 Taipei Times report citing experts who argued the "Strawberry Generation" is a myth, given Taiwan's long working hours and stagnant wages.↩
- Chu, Lin & Nian (2024), Labour Economics — An intergenerational wealth mobility study in Labour Economics estimating wealth correlation coefficients for Taiwanese parents and children.↩
- Inequality.org: To Best Understand Inequality, Think Class, Not Generation — An article by Chuck Collins arguing that the true fault line is class conflict rather than generational war.↩
- NCCU Center for Election Studies: Trends in Taiwanese/Chinese Identity — Primary data from NCCU showing the rise of Taiwanese identity and the decline of Chinese identity in Taiwan.↩
- Pew Research Center: Most People in Taiwan See Themselves as Primarily Taiwanese (2024) — 2024 Pew Research survey showing 83% of adults under 35 in Taiwan identify as solely Taiwanese.↩
- Airiti Library: Shen Wei-chieh, "Political Identity of the Natural Independence Generation" (2017, NTU Master's Thesis) — A National Taiwan University thesis arguing that Natural Independence is a post-hoc political identity and is essentially anti-China.↩
- Doublethink Lab: TikTok's impact on information environment and perception of China among Taiwanese youth (2025) — 2025 report from Taiwan Democracy Lab regarding TikTok usage rates among junior and senior high students.↩
- Pew Research Center: How Pew Research Center will report on generations moving forward (2023) — A 2023 statement by Pew Research Center regarding the reduced use of generational labels due to demographic confounding factors.↩